Just because something is rare doesn’t mean that it’s insignificant. At least, not if it comes surrounded by well-attested research from trained professionals. Which is why this intriguing article by Alexa Lardieri of the Mail has really got us thinking.[1]
A man in Germany was operated on for a rare type of tumour. During the process, the poor surgeon cut his hand. It was cleansed and bandaged immediately. Six months later a tumour, which was genetically identical to his patient’s cancer, was found to be growing on the surgeon’s hand. This all happened back in 1996; but the case continues to excite speculation to this day.
Much more can be found in Alexa’s cogent article. Riffing on it, it suggests the following questions
1 How does transmission occur? Is it via nuclear DNA? Is there an epigenetic mechanism? Dare we speculate that a protein might be involved?
2 Alexa reports that the poor surgeon’s immune system may not have been quite as strong as it might have been. So…are we being bombarded with unknown carcinogens all the time, and it’s only our immune systems keeping us safe?
3 What do we mean by “cause” anyway? Does buying cigarettes give you cancer? Or is it smoking them? Or is it something in the smoke, like tar? Or could we even speculate that it is not the tar per se, but the molecular changes it induces in the cells of the victim? Where does cause end, and effect begin?
Yet it is in such cracks in logic that the most fruitful discoveries are to be found. This case, and the questions it raises are one such example. Thanks, Alexa, for bringing it back from 1996. Which was a great year for music too.
Just for kicks, we thought we’d change the slightly pessimistic zeitgeist of this blog, and offer you some stories of real hope. Those-and a little moral homily at the end which we hope will justify these humble inclusions. The stories come, as so often, from Guardian science writer Ian Sample, whose thoughts we often praise here.[1] We hope they might offer a glimpse of what we are about to lose if certain tendencies play out.
Stem Cell transplants could reverse diabetes. All that intricate and detailed work on stem cells may at last be finding a pay-off in the real world, with an almost infinite relief of human suffering. We respect the beliefs of the religious: but would just praying have got us this far?
Cancer vaccines from RNA We have covered this before here. If nothing else, the COVID-19 pandemic witnessed a major leap forward in vaccine technology, especially in mRNA. Where would cancer patients be now if all those anti-vaxxers had their way?
AI detects cancers To bring in another LSS old favourite: AI can now be used to screen and detect cancers more quickly than ever before. When we think of cancer, we think of old acquaintances who used to deny smoking had anything to do with cancer. Does that remind you of climate change deniers?
Occupants of interplanetary Space For lovers of pure science, there can be little more amazing the discoveries offered by the James Webb telescope. Once upon a time, the Inquisition threatened to burn Galileo for looking up at four little satellites around Jupiter. Will someone try the same on this new telescope?
Renewable energy is on the way. Remember all those programmes and articles that tried to suggest that renewables could never, ever replace fossil fuels? But there’s real hope now that renewables will displace fossils by 2030. Both China and India seem poised to lead the way ahead. USA take note.
Yet we promised you a moral on this one, so here it is. All these discoveries, all this science, which Ian has just showed us is dependent on the free and fearless interchange of information. Which in turn depends on open societies and the rule of law. There is strong reason to believe that this era is coming to an end. In some countries, religious obscurantists and zealots are close to extinguishing freedom forever. in others, violent ethno-nationalists have seized power, or are close to doing so. These societies may well offer social stratification and the appearance of security. Yet in all of them. the sole definition of value is “does this bolster the regime?” There can be no truth in science, no beauty in art, no trust in money which does not meet this criterion. Ultimately, such societies stagnate. And then decline. You still have time to change your minds. In some countries, at least.
Adios, Venezuela, Stage Left : It has always been a conceit on the Left that somehow, whatever bad things we do, we are still somehow the exclusive guardians of the flame of human progress. Whereas the Right, poor dears, are steeped in superstition and ignorance. But Left-wing Governments, at least extreme ones, can do just as much damage to the scientific culture of their country as any Right-wing theocracy, as this piece form Nature Briefings makes clear
Some researchers in Venezuela fear that science in the country is “going down the drain”. The country’s economy has been in crisis and national science funding is proportionally smaller than in comparable countries, leaving research institutions and universities struggling to stay open. Young scientists have left in droves seeking out high-quality education or stable career prospects. And an ‘anti-NGO’ law now requires non-governmental organizations to share information about their funding with the Venezuelan government. Researchers, who sometimes look to NGOs for support, worry that this gives the government discretion to prosecute anyone whose motives it does not agree with.Nature | 6 min read
Every Breath you take: We hear a lot about microplastics in water and food. Now it seems we are breathing them in from the very air itself. And what’s really scary is that the risks of this are quite, quite uncharted, a bit like tobacco in 1924. Here’s Michael Richardson and Meiru Wang for The Conversation:
Stem Cells give hope for diabetics About twenty or so years ago, we had the privilege of a few words with one of the greatest scientific entrepreneurs of this generation. And he told us that Stem Cells were going to be in the in thing for the future. Proof of this foresight comes in this second piece from Nature Briefings
A woman with type 1 diabetes started producing her own insulin less than three months after a transplant of reprogrammed stem cells. This case represents the first successful treatment for the disease using stem cells from the recipient’s own body, which could avoid the need for immunosuppressants. She was injected with the equivalent of 1.5 million stem-cell-derived islets in June 2023. While promising, the woman’s cells must continue to produce insulin for up to five years before considering her ‘cured’, cautions endocrinologist Jay Skyler.Nature | 6 min read Reference: Cell paper
Allergies Rising? One of the few good things about the Covid-19 pandemic was the rise to prominence of Professor Devi Sridhar, that most clear-sighted of thinkers. So when she says: “allergies are really on the rise, this is not just a sampling error”, we sit up and take notice. So should you, via her article for The Guardian.
Goodbye Coal and steel No one gloats at the loss of great workplaces and the terrible social changes their workers must now endure. And no one more than us, blissed-out children of the Enlightenment/Industrial Revolution can deny that coal and steel were really big steps forward in their day. But their comes a time both for individuals and societies when they really must move on, because it’s the future where reality lies. So Britain closes its last coal power station and blast furnaces. It is a brave step, and one day it will pay off.
Mozart Rise and Fall of a genius few years ago we saw a rather nifty series called Rise of the Nazis. It was one of those drama documentaries where they mix a narrator over pictures of actors depicting real people, including such luminaries as Heinrich Himmler, Herman Goering and a certain Mr A. Hitler. It looks like the producers must have sat down and asked themselves; “Who’s the next most famous Austrian everyone’s heard of we can do?” No it wasn’t Arnold Schwarzenegger: instead they came up with this excellent series on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. We have always put him right up there in the top five or so musicians of All Time. So we loved it, and hope you will too Here’s a link which we hope works to the BBC i Player. Hasta la vista, baby!
Escaping the concrete canyons of Croydon recently, we took a short break in the Sussex town of Worthing. (Which has been compared to Nice in Provence ; but only by people who have never been to Nice). While strolling along the Promenade at Worthing, we ran into a group, mainly comprising ladies, who were dressed in a variety of outre costume, including those of Pink Panthers and Star Wars Galactic Warriors. It turned out to be one of those happy occasions when we learned, not something new, but when something which we were dimly aware of was moved sharply up our agenda . For they were campaigning to gather money for the rising disease of Pancreatic Cancer. [1] And this is what we learned (overseas readers- we bet the UK is pretty representative of your jurisdiction too)
The pancreas is a vital organ, standing at the crossroads of both your digestive and endocrine system. So getting cancer in it is a pretty bad state of affairs. There are several types of this cancer. But last year, overall, saw 10 500 new cases in the UK. Actually, its among the 10 most common forms of cancer in these islands. The risk factors? You guessed it. Being overweight., smoking and diabetes are among the highest. All the features of a civilisation focussed too much on quick-fix marketing, and not enough on quality of life. If you want to drill down, here’s another link from the Charity Pancreatic Cancer UK. [2]
So these ladies, and the charity which they represent means that, even if your family is struck with this terrible affliction, you will not be alone. And, as we parted from the ladies, we closed on a moment of hope. For Pancreatic Cancer UK works closely with the other cancer charities in this country. And we agreed how useful it was to set up laboratories with ethe money raised. Who knows what other discoveries could be made with all those scientists and all that kit? Apparently these ladies intend to run the whole of the seafront down there, and back again. Good luck to them, we say. And thanks.
“The sleep of reason brings forth monsters” Goya’s famous painting never seemed so relevant as it does today, as humans divide themselves into mutually hating tribes in Europe, the Middle East and even the USA. “he that is quick to Anger exalteth folly” [1]. We here take the opposite view, Real progress is only achieved by slow, careful thought. And as evidence of that, we’d like to cite three examples, small in their own way of what can be done to fix real problems. When we pause to actually think, that is.
Seeing the cancer One of the most tragic moments in life is to here a cancer patient tell you “it’s come back” after an operation. This is not to blame the surgeons; it’s just that up to now they haven’t always been able to see all the cells. Now, according to Colin Fernandez of the Mail, a new technique will light up the tumorous cells, making them much easier to spot and excise altogether. By the way, some of this work was funded by Cancer Research UK,[2] a marvellous organisation whom we have often covered in these pages.
Spotting the Cancer We have often hymned the praises of AI as well. Particularly in medical and biological research. One of its principal advantages is that it can carry out the routine stuff much faster than we can, without tiring. Kate Pickles of the Mail covers how it’s being applied to look at cancer scans to rapidly improve diagnostics. In the long term we could see AI applied to any number of laboratory techniques from Forensic science to Ecology, opening the way to boundless new knowledge and techniques
Concrete Batteries? After they lost the battle on the reality of global warming, Big Oil and its lackeys have waxed lyrical on how difficult the transition to clean energy might be. “yes you can make clean energy, but how are you going to store it?” they would sneer. Well, lots of ways, it has turned out. But one we never dreamed of was the very concrete that makes up our roads, bridges and homes themselves. Unbelievable as it may seem researchers at MIT are looking at new types of concrete which will store and release energy exactly as we need it. What price oil and gas now? This excellent piece is from Victor Tangerman of the Byte:
If you want to cure a cancer, identify it as soon as possible. That’s long been a truism among medical experts. But what if your techniques were so advanced that you could identify the precursor steps to cancers before they had even started to initiate a tumour in someone’s body? According to an article by Anna Bawden and Nicola Davis of the Guardian, the first steps to do just that are now feasible, as two studies suggest.
Instead of simply rehashing their excellent prose[1] upon which we urge you to click, we’ll provide a brief summary, and raise some interesting and rather hopeful observations. The first looked at 44000 samples from the UK Biobank. 618 proteins were identified, which could then be linked to 19 different types of cancer. In a different take on the same trope, a second study using a whopping 300 000 samples came up with 40 different proteins linked to 9 different types of cancer. We dare not comment, but dare to observe:
1 It’s amazing the amount of new discoveries you can make just by crunching data. As AI comes into its own, it should be able to handle bigger and bigger numbers. Think of alpha-fold, if you don’t believe us-and that quite old hat by now!
2 Talking of hats, let’s all take ours off to Cancer Research UK, whose steady, patient work down the decades has not only provided a congenial ecosystem for researchers, but also a steady stream of reliable income for the planners and the finance people. Come on, hands in pockets, please! [2]
3 We were impressed that the results were already identifying different types and subtypes of cancers. It suggests a subtlety of technique which has probably only just got going.
and, finally:
4 The bigger the database, the better. Without belittling today’s researchers and journalists, these are still relatively small numbers. Imagine an AI supercomputer tirelessly combing the biological samples of every human on the planet. And maybe their pets. Would might it not find.
Oaks and acorns times, gentle readers. Keep donating.
Ejaculation is good for you. That’s the message in a startling article from Daniel Kelly, a senior lecturer in Biochemistry, admirably showcased in the latest edition of the Conversation. [1] According to Daniel, it may even reduce the chances of prostate cancer. Now this is a real problem in men’s health; according to the article, this form of cancer is now the second-most-commonly diagnosed. In men in the UK( a reasonably representative country, gentle readers) it is actually the most commonly diagnosed one. Anything to reduce it has to be a good thing. And how might this be achieved? Well, according to Daniel:
Although the mechanisms are not completely understood, these studies fit with the idea that ejaculation can reduce prostate cancer by decreasing the concentration of toxins and crystal-like structures that can accumulate in the prostate and potentially cause tumours…..Similarly, ejaculation may alter the immune response within the prostate reducing inflammation – a known risk factor for cancer development – or by increasing immune defence against tumour cells…..Alternatively, by reducing psychological tension ejaculation may lower the activity of the nervous system which then prevents certain prostate cells from dividing too rapidly and increasing the chance of them becoming cancerous.
Yes, it’s far from conclusive yet; but that last point reminds us of an intriguing scene from the film The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) in which senior manager Mark Hanna (played by Matthew McConnaghy) is advising rookie broker Jordan Belfort (Leonardo di Capprio) about the perils of stress, and how to deal with them. He sings the praises of conventional remedies, such as cocaine and hookers. But then the conversation turns serious. [2] Hanna enquires if Belfort “jerks off” and if so, the frequency thereof. Disappointed on learning the answer is only three or four times a week, he counsels
” Gotta pump those numbers up .Those are rookie numbers in this racket.”
He goes on to provide detailed advice based on his own practice, which those of naive religious or philosophical persuasion may find hard to assimilate But we reproduce the link for you here, dear friends.[2]
Once again, we stress the provisional nature of these findings. We do not know the current state of health of Jordan Belfort, the real Wolf. But isn’t it intriguing to think that the brokers of Wall Street had stumbled onto something really useful for once, if only by accident?
A couple of years ago, we published a little blog in which we dared to suggest that the recurrence of certain numbers, such as pi and Euler‘s might hint at deeper universal phenomena that are not yet fully understood.(LSS 14 3 22) So we were more than gratified to come across an intriguing article by Steven Pappas for Live Science which further confirms our suspicions.
A team led by Vaibhev Mohanty at MIT has been trying to answer a simple but profound question. “How many mutations do you need in a genome before it changes the phenotype( i.e. proteins, etc) of the carrying organism? Now, we will confess at this point that our grasp of mathematics is appalling. However:
Scientists have discovered that a key function from a “pure” branch of mathematics can predict how often genetic mutations lead to changes in function. These rules, laid out by the so-called sum-of-digits function, also govern some aspects of protein folding, computer coding and certain magnetic states in physics.
The report explains, in verbal form, some more about how the team arrived at these conclusions. But for us the key is that the same mathematics applies across several fields of science, as though something much deeper is going on. Well, that’s what we speculate. But we were not the first. As educated readers will recall, Plato speculated that the universe was formed of deep underlying structures, which he termed “forms”. And in his view a single Divine mind had created the universe through these same forms. So we pose this question: have these scientists, and others, had a tiny glimpse of the Mind of God?
Oh no, not another medical breakthrough story on LSS? What happened to all those cocktails? What about all the economics and evolution stuff we used to get? Yet let us remind you of the words of our Founding Charter,* gentle readers: this started out as an antibiotics website, even more so when it was a post on Facebook. Of course when supplementary techniques like bacteriophages and improved antibodies came along, we welcomed those too. Which is why we have to give this new report from Nature BriefingsAI helps design antibodies from scratch, front and centre on today’s blog. When you read this, you will understand why
For the first time, an artificial intelligence (AI) system has helped researchers to design completely new antibodies. Creating new versions of these immune proteins, which can be used as drugs, is usually a lengthy and costly process. An AI algorithm similar to those of the image-generating tools Midjourney and DALL·E was trained on thousands of real-world structures of antibodies attached to their target proteins. It then churned out thousands of new antibodies that recognize certain bacterial, viral or cancer-related targets. Although in laboratory tests only about one in 100 designs worked as hoped, biochemist and study co-author Joseph Watson says that “it feels like quite a landmark moment”.Nature | 4 min read Reference: bioRxiv preprint (not peer reviewed)
Once again, we are at the start here. It’s still, at proof of concept stage, and awaits peer review. On the other hand, this is genuine landmark moment which people of the future will look back on. And whatever you are doing now as you read this, remember it. You were there on the day it happened.
a copy of the founding charter is still visible in the flowerbed round the side near the car park, the bit where all the smokers go. Actually, could we clean it up a bit?
There’s something about the dark and cold of February that chills like no other month we know. But do not be disheartened, gentle readers! For today we offer not one, but two stories that promise hope, optimism, and , who knows, maybe even a long term cure for the terrible disease of cancer. So, without further ado:
Welsh Wizard You may have heard of Duran Duran, but what about Sir Christopher Evans? According to Maria Lally of the Independent, [1] Sir Christopher has been on the trail of a cancer cure since he was six years old, when his family in Port Talbot bought him his first chemistry set. Not only has he been working with Andy Taylor, a key member of Duran Duran. but he and his organisation are at the forefront of research, pioneering new techniques such as Lutetium-177. In an age of selfish aggression and violence, it’s nice to come across someone who has devoted his time to the public good!
Rwanda hope Cervical cancer is a deadly killer, blighting lives and quashing the hopes of millions. One sure way to eliminate it is better vaccines. But how to get a vaccine programme underway in world full of ignorant superstition, where all the money is spent on armaments and SUV motor cars? One country showing the way ahead is the plucky little East African State of Rwanda who realised the solution was social, not medical. To quote Nature, [1] the key insight was
As Rwanda shows, strong, trustworthy and reliable collaboration between all stakeholders is key
For us, the key concept is stakeholder. Get everyone onside, and you’ll be amazed what you can achieve. Degrading, despising and turning people into others is the sure way to fail. In anything.
So before you utterly surrender to the late winter blues, here are two stories to show that someone, somewhere out there is refusing to bend. And, maybe, Spring is just around the corner after all.
Learning, Science and Society 