AI designed Bacteriophages: Synthetic Life-or synthetic Evolution?

Ever attentive to our readers’ clamour for more good news on antibiotic resistance we bear yet another story on the synthesis of Artificial Intelligence with the frontiers of cellular biology to produce yet another remarkable advance. Yet we think, gentle readers, that this story may have far deeper significance for the evolution of life on this planet and who knows, several of the neighbouring ones in our Solar System, and today we will tell you why.

First the story, showcasing the work of the assiduous James Gallagher of the BBC.[1] Researchers at Stanford University[2] have used the AI systems Evo 1 and Evo 2 to design a new generation of entirely synthetic bacteriophages which have already proved effective against certain strains of E.coli. We will let our links tell the story of the ingenious Brian Hie and Samuel King and what their teams have accomplished: but regular readers will realise what a valuable new therapeutic technique this could be. Good journalist that he is, Gallager covers certain warnings too: but that is the BBC for you: balanced, nuanced and still true to its Reithian principles 100 years on.

But if you will forgive us, we think this is our opportunity to record why we think all this AI-meets-biology trope we have been covering for some years is truly significant. And it is this. For millions of years, organisms under attack-by parasites, predators, whatever- have relied on the slow, wasteful grind of Darwinian natural selection to stumble toward defence. Now, for the first time, a host species has stepped outside that blind process. With AI‑designed bacteriophages, the human brain—admittedly an organ shaped by old school evolution—is beginning to direct its own evolutionary responses by compressing what once took thousands of generations into deliberate, rapid invention. Not synthetic life, exactly, but something stranger: synthetic evolution. And, if human attempts to colonise the moon and nearby planetary systems are successful, these may be the new sorts of life forms that come to inhabit those worlds. Not sad old Darwinian selected eucaryotes like ourselves and our pet cats. Just a thought.

With thanks to Mr G Herbert and our in-house team of researchers who implored us to break our weekend embargo to bring you this story

[1]https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5y3j3ngevmo

[2] AI designs a novel E. coli killer | Stanford Report

#AI #bacteriophages #genomes #health #medicine #antibiotic resistance #evolution #biology #future

Cocktails from America: The Manhattan

In Cocktail homage to the United States, until recently the greatest nation on the planet, we have chosen the Manhattan. That ne plus ultra of the 1920s when America set out to rule the world through Modernity and Finance: and the island of Manhattan was the very centre of that rule. No, not Rhapsody in Blue, not Wall Street, not Macey’s, not even the New Yorker;-we  firmly showcase the Manhattan because it is the city distilled: dark, glossy, slightly dangerous, and absolutely convinced of its own importance.

Prohibition didn’t kill the Manhattan, it made it forbidden and therefore mythic. It was the one they served in a joint off Times Square where you went in with a nod and password, and the man who served it was one of those Damon Runyon types who wore a waistcoat and knew how to keep his mouth shut. Because the clientele included not just flappers, journalists, gangsters and politicians, but also more than a few cops who did not carry the principles of their Office uncomfortably into private life. So as you mix one tomorrow night, you’ll have Manhattan, maybe even the Bronx and Staten Island too: but a fleeting taste of those brief decades when Democracy and Hyperconsumption looked like they would be the future of the world. How time trumps all of our illusions!

Method Freely adapted with thanks from the Hamlyn Ultimate Cocktail Book, that Bible of Style for sophisticated readers of all lands. Put five ice cubes into a mixing glass and add one measure of sweet vermouth and three measures of rye or bourbon whiskey. Stir them well and then strain sin hielo into a chilled cocktail glass. If you must decorate, a cherry on a stick might do: but you would have got some very old fashioned looks whether you were in Queens, Broadway, or any of the other choice locations across the length and breadth of old Gotham City in its Jazz age peak.

Enjoy a pleasant weekend,

#Manhattan #cocktails #New York #Jazz Age #prohibition #damon runyon #george gershwin

Round up: Wildfires, Craniums, Parkinsons disease, and a eulogy to the humble woodlouse

Extremely scary findings’ show climate crisis is supercharging Europe’s wildfire weather  Beat that for a tag! Here’s The Guardian

‘Extremely scary findings’ show climate crisis is supercharging Europe’s wildfire weather | Wildfires | The Guardian

More on the muddle in the middle One of the most fascinating areas of human evolution is the last million years , a desperately confusing period when about five types of big brained  hominins were running around: but which one was the true human ancestor? Now a new cranium from Spain sheds even more dark on the lightness, as El País explains

https://elpais.com/ciencia/2026-07-30/un-enigmatico-craneo-de-hace-200000-anos-hallado-en-ciudad-real-complica-aun-mas-el-lio-en-el-medio-de-la-evolucion-humana.

Climate: the debate heats up The question is not whether climate change caused the heatwave, but how much hotter and more dangerous heatwaves have become because greenhouse gases, primarily from burning fossil fuels, have accumulated in the atmosphere. Another thought provoking one from The Conversation

Lets hear it for the humble woodlouse   Definitely one of the most valued and useful members of our garden’s flora, these industrious little animals have a surprisingly long pedigree, Nice gentle article from the Guardian

‘They are such neat, busy little folk’: the unexpected superpowers of the common woodlouse | Insects | The Guardian

More on digestion and disease  It was New Scientist who first pointed us in this direction to be fair. But five years on the whole intriguing question of the relationship between the gut and the brain is now firmly on the agenda. However, today we showcase this excellent Technology Networks article which discusses it from a Parkinson’s therapies point of view

https://www.technologynetworks.com/immunology/articles/parkinsons-link-to-the-gutbrain-axis-presents-new-treatment-options-414048?spl=f28e4747276f437485

Where is the next pandemic coming from? The great Spanish biologist Ana Fernández-Sesma discusses hantavirus ebola respiratory viruses,  vaccinations and much more in this wide ranging interview from El País

Ana Fernández-Sesma, bióloga: “Hay muchos chulitos que van de antivacunas, pero sí se inmunizan, y se lo callan” | Ciencia | EL PAÍS

Quote of the Week

A fool despiseth wisdom and instruction.”Proverbs 1:7

#climate change #vaccination #parkinsons disease #woodlouse #human evolution

Carbon Brief: What a website for all things Global Warming!

Readers, contributors, even our downtrodden staff, we apologise wholly and unreservedly for not telling you before about Carbon Brief.  Because what a website it is, ladies and gentlemen! For here you will find everything you need in what is rapidly becoming the only issue of our soi-disant times, clear and present climate breakdown due to human induced global warming. But do not despair For Carbon Brief [1] has  in depth coverage of climate science, policy, newsletters analysis and a handy Fact Check custom made to refute all the hot air opinions you’ll hear in the Dog and Duck this weekend. Has Mr Trump got it entirely 100% right about the IPCC? Can you think of nine myths about oil in the North Sea? What is really keeping UK energy prices so high (if you’re a mum with a family you might find that last one especially poignant) Answers to these and many more canards are to be found in this excellent section of the website. But of course there is much, much more.

Dear ladies and gentlemen, once more we can only apologise. For we have tried our best, our level best here on Climate change. But to be frank, compared to this lot we  “am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal”, as St Paul memorably observed in his notable e mail to the Corinthians.  From now on we honestly and humbly advise you to check out Carbon Brief wherever and whenever you need facts and balanced reason on the whole catastrophic matter. Teachers in particular might find swarms of subjects for lesson plans. Those enduring social visits from cantankerous relatives, or who have to deal with the opinions of elderly neighbours over the garden fence will find even more. We will end with an even more relevant extract from that same  e mail from theat same wily  old scribe from Damascus:

For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.” That’s 1 Corinthians 13:12, to you and me.

Even if you’re not a Corinthian,  click on Carbon Brief now. What are you waiting for?

[1] Home – Carbon Brief

#carbon brief #global warming #climate change #fossil fuels #coal #oil #ecological collapse

Fascinating new mitochondrial discovery may help reverse ageing (one day)

It’s not the new stuff that comes up, it’s the unexpected stuff that gets us out of bed in the mornings. So when someone publishes an article like the one we’re showcasing today [1] Metabolic Signal From Dysfunctional Mitochondria Linked to Aging  from the excellent Technology Networks website we sit up and take notice. Not only does the story drag the humble mitochondria[2] into the middle of the ageing process, it straddles the whole complex frontiers of genetics, epigenetics and cell physiology, long-loved favourites of ours, as veteran readers will recall.

Researchers have long known that the body slowly accumulates large populations of zombie cells, which pump out cocktails of inflammatory molecules leading to frailty, cardiovascular disease, cancer and other ailments. ( at this point the parallel with societies accumulating large populations of ageing citizens pumping out ill informed and socially damaging opinions into the body politic occurred to us, but it won’t go in the blog).  Instead of removing these cells, the researchers asked, would it be possible to switch off their damaging signals? It was known that damaged mitochondia leaked DNA and RNA into cells, setting off an inflammatory response. Now detailed investigation has uncovered the key signalling mechanism, the epigenetic switch, that turns on the whole process. And it turns out to be our old friend Acetyl CoA, that standby of the biochemical textbooks of our youth. To quote the article

the researchers discovered that senescent cells increase production of acetyl-CoA, a molecule generated through mitochondrial metabolism. Acetyl-CoA enables epigenetic modifications – chemical changes that regulate whether genes are switched on or off without altering the DNA sequence itself. These modifications make inflammatory genes more accessible, allowing them to be robustly expressed.

See what we mean about straddling three fields at once? Theres good therapeutic news too in the form of a transporter molecule that goes by the snappy name of SLC25A1. Blocking this may slow down the whole process, or so the researchers hope.

Our takeaways? First, thanks to our researchers for discovering the excellent Technology networks A click on their website revealed a cornucopia of learned articles, links, communities and much else. We will be visiting them again. Secondly: epigenetics, epigenetics, epigenetics. [3] Thirdly, you never know what you don’t know, and this whole area of mitochondria in ageing has been a bit of revelation to us. We can only conclude that the more you learn, the more you discover. Or is it the other way round?

[1]Metabolic Signal From Dysfunctional Mitochondria Linked to Aging | Technology Networks

[2]Mitochondria – Wikipedia

[3]Carey, Nessa. The Epigenetics Revolution: How Modern Biology Is Rewriting Our Understanding of Genetics, Disease, and Inheritance. London: Icon Books, 2012.

#genetics #epigenetics #cell biology #mitochndria #ageing #biochemistry #health #medicine

Will Quantum sensing be bigger than Quantum Computing?

At LSS we’re a pretty eclectic kind of blog. So when we think we’ve got into a rut -too much on Antibiotics, Anthropoid Ape Men, or the deeds of Mr Trump- we like to spin the wheel so that you, gentle readers, may be the first to become au fait in yet another exciting area of cutting-edge human endeavour. And today we have chosen Quantum Sensing, that quiet shy sister of the much louder Quantum Computing, which might just turn out to be the Cinderella who scooped the ball. [1]

So what is Quantum sensing?   The scientific miracle that crept up on us while everyone was busy arguing about quantum computing. Instead of trying to build impossible machines, quantum sensing takes the strange behaviour of atoms, photons and spins and uses it to measure the world with a delicacy classical physics simply can’t reach.

What’s the step change? A quantum sensor doesn’t rely on bulk electronics or brute force; it relies on superposition, entanglement and other quantum states that are inherently more precise. The result is a new class of instruments that can detect the faintest magnetic fields, the tiniest vibrations, and the most subtle changes in gravity — a kind of scientific eyesight that feels almost unfair in its sharpness.

What makes quantum sensing genuinely new? Classical sensors, like rulers, are always fighting noise: thermal noise, electronic noise, environmental noise. Quantum sensors sidestep those constraints by using states of matter that are the limit — the smallest possible unit of information, the most stable possible oscillation, the purest possible signal.

Hang on-are people actually using this stuff, now, in like, August 2026? Yup: the kit is  suddenly appearing in many fields: mapping quantum materials, stabilising next‑generation clocks, imaging nanoscale structures, and even probing biological systems without damaging them. It’s not an incremental upgrade; it’s a shift in what measurement science can do, when the mood takes it. [2] [3]

Why have you showcased it? because it represents science at its most elegant. Quantum sensing isn’t about building bigger machines or consuming more power; it’s about learning to see the world with new eyes. Many of the sensors themselves are tiny jewels of engineering — diamonds with engineered defects, single trapped ions, levitated nanoparticles — each one a reminder that progress sometimes comes from finesse rather than force. In a year dominated by loud technologies, quantum sensing is the quiet triumph: a discipline that turns the universe’s weirdness into clarity, and shows how much beauty there is in simply measuring the world more truthfully.

Can I buy one in my local hardware store? A: Not quite yet. Quantum sensors are still the domain of research labs, national metrology institutes and a few very specialised companies. For now, your local hardware shop will continue to offer the trusty tape measure, the spirit level and the laser rangefinder — all perfectly good tools until quantum sensing makes its way into everyday kit. Think of it as the future arriving in slow, elegant steps rather than on the shelves of B&Q.

However: Most advances in science-and the human condition- ultimately come from advances in measurement. We think this might be one such

[1] Quantum sensor – Wikipedia

[2]Quantum sensors for biomedical applications | Nature Reviews Physics

[3] Quantum Imaging and Sensing – Recent articles and discoveries | Springer Nature Link

#quantum sensor #quantum computer #nanoscale #physics #biology #technology #measurement

Sea side dangers? Why Statistics is the true masterclass in critical thinking

 Does living by the seaside make you ill? Today, we’re showcasing some excellent reporting by Shaun Wooller of the Mail because it’s a perfect example of how to interpret statistics, and more importantly, how not to interpret them. And to strike a personal note: we think the discipline of statistics might give us a way out of the muddle the world has got itself into by relying on emotion, unreason and by inveterately jumping to conclusions. But first to Shaun’s article [1]

He quotes huge, statistically robust studies made by the impeccable University College London. Who find, unarguably, that if you live in one of Britain’s seaside towns you are going to have a 21% higher chance of developing chronic health conditions such as diabetes, cancer and depression. At first this seems counterintuitive: surely all those views and sea air are good for you? What dreadful maritime factor is at play? Should our seaside towns be evacuated at once? Fortunately, Shaun has the answer on hand: look at the samples. If you do that you find that A all the younger people tend to move away from such towns and B so do the affluent. Leaving behind a population of elderly, poorer residents who are, ipso facto, more likely to suffer from these ailments anyway. Which leads us to our own conclusion: sea air may be good for you :but statistics are much, much better

Long standing readers will recall our piece about the dangers of Ice Cream (LSS 23 4 20) in which we covered the irrefutably demonstrable fact that as ice cream sales increase, so does the chance of death by drowning. From which the hysterical and the ignorant might conclude that ice cream represents a clear and present danger to our young. Taking no cognisance of the fact that ice cream sales increase in warm weather, when more people go wild swimming in lakes rivers and oceans, massively increasing the drowning statistics for that week.How about banning lakes and rivers instead?

As Shaun shows us, as Professor Spiegelhalter does even more so in his excellent work {2] the discipline of statistics is a master class in critical thinking. It reminds us that, while many observations produce patterns, finding the cause of these is much more tricky.  That the base rate is all important and that every sample made will necessarily be imperfect. Above all that all learning has limits, and what those limits may be. In a world on fire, where warring tribes now clash daily those may turn out to be very important lessons indeed.

[1]The UK regions where you’re more likely to get cancer, diabetes AND depression – it’s bad news for coastal areas | Daily Mail Online

[2]Spiegelhalter, David. The Art of Statistics: Learning from Data. London: Pelican (Penguin Books), 2019.

#statistics #health #epidemiology #medicine #survey #sample #cancer #diabetes #poverty #age

CRISPR contra Cancer

One of our longest running tropes  has been the exciting new CRISPR Cas 9 gene editing technologies (LSS passim) Not just for the medical advances it offers, but because it’s a classic   example of where those few in numbers but big on brains make a real difference, while the  majority fight each other over the colours of their football shirts or whatever. Now Nature Briefings, that imprescindable go-to for all  anxious to learn the latest in Science, has come up with a new step forward; Cancer Treatment CRISPR enzyme acts as DNA shredder. Read this:

An unusual CRISPR enzyme can cause cancer cells to self-destruct by shredding their DNA. The protein — Cas12a2, a variant of the usual Cas protein found in CRISPR systems — can be ‘trained’ to recognize a specific RNA sequence made by cancer cells. Once the enzyme finds its partner, it begins to slash the cell’s genome to pieces. Researchers hope that this seek-and-destroy approach could be used to kill tumours that express mutant proteins that have been difficult to target using conventional medicines. “This is basically a programmable chemotherapy,” says molecular biologist Yang Liu. Nature | 6 min read
Reference: Nature paper 1 & paper 2

What Cas12a2 really shows is how fast the CRISPR story has accelerated. In 2022, we were still marvelling that gene editing worked at all; today, the tools have become programmable therapies, capable of hunting down diseased cells with rules we write. CRISPR has gone from a clever molecular trick to a platform — one that keeps unfolding new possibilities with unnerving speed. If the early years were about proving the concept, this next phase is about deploying it, and Cas12a2 is a reminder that the frontier is no longer theoretical. Science haters everywhere take note: one day you’ll need us.

#molecular biology #cancer #CRISPR  #gene editing # medicine #health

These fires are predictions coming true: so what about the future?

Europe burns: June 2026 was the hottest June ever recorded in western Europe, driving temperatures to the highest levels seen in more than a century. In France, drought, low humidity and repeated heatwaves have turned forests into kindling; wildfires have already burned 35,400 hectares, four times the usual area for this point in the season, while Spain has lost 55,128 hectares, double its average. Across the continent, extreme heat is desiccating lakes, soils and crops at rates made many times more likely by human‑driven warming. Rivers across Europe are running so shallow that cargo ships are restricted, hydropower is curtailed, and Danube and Rhine river‑boat holidays are being cancelled because the Alps did not produce enough snow to melt into summer water levels.

Beyond Europe, the world’s high places are breaking too. In the Himalayas, the 2026 monsoon outlook warns of a dangerous paradox: long droughts punctuated by sudden cloudbursts, raising the risk of flash floods, landslides, and glacial‑lake outbursts across Nepal, Bhutan, India, and Pakistan. North America is enduring its own climate convulsions. The United States — where the cultural refrain “drill, baby, drill!” still echoes in parts of the political landscape — has been hit repeatedly by record‑strength heat domes, driving temperatures past human‑health thresholds and straining power grids from California to the Midwest. Canada, meanwhile, continues to reel from unprecedented wildfire seasons, with boreal forests burning at scales once considered impossible.

As early as the 1990s, researchers warned that rising temperatures and shifting rainfall would intensify fire regimes, especially in regions where drought and heatwaves coincide. By 2001, the IPCC’s landmark report Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability [1] had already catalogued the pattern: climate change would alter “disturbance regimes” in forests, increasing the frequency and intensity of fires as ecosystems dried and heat extremes sharpened. It noted that major fire events in the 1990s — from the Amazon to Indonesia — were early signals of a climate‑driven shift, and that future warming would make such events more common and more severe. These were predictions, not scare stories, made by scientists who understood the physics, ran the models, and told us plainly what was coming. Remember: making accurate predictions is one of the signs of good thinking. Yet we also remember the barrels of scorn and opprobrium poured upon them by various well‑oiled journalistic and political machines that helped avert any meaningful action.

And the latest predictions? If we continue on our present path, the IPCC projects that by the 2030s and 2040s vast regions of the world will shift into permanent fire weather, with fire seasons lengthening by one to two months in southern Europe, western North America, and Australia. The World Meteorological Organization expects 1.5°C of warming to be locked in during the 2030s [2], a threshold at which extreme heat becomes annual, drought becomes structural, and forests lose their ability to recover between burns. By the 2040s, climate models show Mediterranean Europe facing megafires every few years, Canada’s boreal forests transitioning into a fire‑dominated ecosystem, and the American West experiencing summers where smoke becomes a chronic public‑health hazard, not an occasional crisis. The Himalayas, meanwhile, are projected to lose up to half their glacial mass, destabilising rivers and increasing the risk of catastrophic glacial‑lake floods. None of this is speculative; it is the median outcome of the world we are building. The scientists have already run the numbers. Will you still let a politician or a journalist tell you these scientists have been wrong all along? [3][4]

[1] Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability — IPCC

 [2] WMO Global Climate Update; IPCC AR6

[3] Royal Society: Evidence & Causes of Climate Change

 [4] IPCC AR6: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

#Nepal # Bhutan # India #Pakistan#United States #canada #spain #france #climate change #fossil fuel #global warming #alps #snow

Friday Night: : Chinchón, a mystery drink from a mystery novel (until now)

For easy reading we’ve always been fans of Spanish crime novels or el novela policíaca as they call them down Old Castile way. We normally let the detectives solve the mystery: we paid the money, let them do the work!  Until that is, we came across an intriguing mystery of our own early in the pages of Ritos de Muerte by Alicia Giménez Bartlett. Whose protagonist Petra Delicado surprised us by knocking back something called Chinchón, not once but several times in the course of the novel. It being an utter unknown to us, we decided to employ our most assiduous Forensic skills in pursuit of further knowledge. And this is what we came up with.

Chinchón is  a traditional anise liqueur from the town of Chinchón (Comunidad de Madrid), made by macerating anís verde (Pimpinella anisum) in alcohol and then distilling it. It comes in several strengths, from sweet and gentle to “knock‑your‑uncle‑over” levels of potency. The liqueur is produced exclusively in the eponymous town, where anise and vines have been cultivated since at least the 11th–12th centuries. There are four official varieties::

Dulce — 35–40% ABV, about 200 g of sugar per litre.

Seco — 40–50% ABV.

Extraseco — 50–55% ABV.

Seco Especial — a formidable 74% ABV.

If you like your drinks as a cultural marker, then this one tends to suggest Madrid. It’s an unfussy  working drink.  Something you’d find in bars where cops, civil servants, and old men argue about football. It’s usually served in a small anís glass and may be taken chilled or at room temperature. Ok, the novel is set in Barcelona: but it’s early days yet and so we await the Madrid Connection con antelación. 

Good! Mystery solved.  Now you can have a nice weekend.

Our background/showcase today comes from the Los Vinos website which seems to have content in both in English  Spanish, making it good for language learners too!

Cocktails | Chichón A Digestive Par Excellence! Los Vinos

Ritos de Muerte Alicia Giménez Bartlett 1996 Ediciones Destino

#Petra Delicado #Chinchón  #Castilian #Madrid‑#liqueur