Evolution is happening right now in South Korea

We tend to think of Evolution as something happening over millions of years. First, all those trilobites and early fish swimming in the warm Devonian seas. Then early newts and scorpions slithering out onto land, followed by dinosaurs and pterosaurs dodging the cycads; and finally those desperate battles between humans and mammoths in the frozen wastes of the tundra. Millions of years-billions if you look at things like bacteria and red algae.

But evolution isn’t like that. The change of one species into another is a by product some something much smaller, local and more rapid. It is about the environment selecting a gene here, now, for one small purpose. Read this from Nature Briefing, No Diver is an island

A tradition of diving on the South Korean island of Jeju might have influenced the genomes of all of the islanders. The Haenyeo — meaning ‘women of the sea’ — have been cold-water diving year-round and without any breathing apparatus for centuries. A genetic analysis revealed that gene variants associated with reduced blood pressure, cold water tolerance and red blood cell count — which is related to oxygen-carrying capacity — are more common in people from Jeju, regardless of whether they dive themselves, than in other South Koreans.CNN | 7 min read
Reference: Cell Reports paper

In other words, good old fashioned Darwin-Mendel natural selection of the central DNA of the organism. Because one gene variant conveys a selective advantage which the other allele doesn’t. Textbook case: on single genetic change will transform a bacterium into an antibiotic-resistant organism, with profound consequences millions. Of course, if you have enough of these over time, you might eventually transform a tabby into a tiger, or a dinosaur into a bird. But those are second order consequences.Recent discoveries have made our understanding a little more complicated. We have to factor in epigenetics (the great Nessa Carey is good guide [1] ) and even the possibility of some environmental feedback into the genome, to which we have alluded here sometimes(LSS passim)

Every so often we come across some fool, usually a pub bore or right wing columnist, who loudly declaims” I don’t believe in evolution-why would a fish want to transform itself into a salamander?” Here is your answer. The majestic old Darwinian model still functions, Right at the heart of one of the most modern countries in the world.[2]

[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessa_Carey

[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haenyeo

#natural selection #evolution #epigenetics #darwin #mendel #dna #gene #south korea

A Quick Roundup: Power from rain, a plea for peace, Base Pair goes big, reality trumps Trump-and Schubert on hubris

So many stories have crossed our screen in the last few days that the only thing we could think of was to run a quick round up and invite you to dive in for yourselves

Pennies from Heaven? The desperate need for renewable sources of power can produce some surprising ideas. For once the old Bing Crosby number may come true as this intriguing idea of generating electricity from raindrops shows. Popular Mechanics has the story:

_{thanks to P Seymour}

India-Pakistan: please don’t do it! We are ignorant of the quarrel between these two great nations. But the consequences of a nuclear war would be dire indeed. Apart from the millions of dead and wounded, the unprecedented waves of refugees would find a chilly welcome wherever they went. They too would be breathing the clouds of radioactive waste(and goodness knows what other toxins) from the burning cities. And, we know this is unsayable, but we will anyway: the only real winner would be China, with no strong powers to counterweight it. We have many readers in the subcontinent: what have you got to gain? Alright, we go with the Mail: but as George Orwell noted, even they can be right sometimes

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-14686439/The-world-worried-tit-tat-strikes-hated-rivals-India-Pakistan-quickly-spiral-nuclear-Armageddon-countries

Base Pair Goes to market We have long sung the praises of new biochemical techniques like CRISPR Cas 9 and Base pair editing. But, we humbly admit, it’s always from a slightly academic, detached viewpoint. Some of our correspondents have a more hard-nosed commercial orientation. Which is why they sent us the exciting tale of companies taking it into real-world, commercial solutions

https://www.biospace.com/drug-development/safer-crispr-base-editing-breaks-through-in-the-clinic-as-beam-verve-advance?

_{thanks to G Herbert}

Donald Trump’s Cunning Plan won’t work Ever since February, a story has been drifting in and out of the financial columns; Donald Trump’s actions are all part of a Cunning Plan to crash the dollar and bring the rest of the world to its knees in Mar-a- Lago, where he will dictate terms as he pleases. It was scary, it was tempting to believe: but it relied on flawed assumptions as Kenneth Rogoff succinctly explains in this piece for the Grauniad (surely “Guardian?”-ed)

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/may/07/why-donald-trumps-plan-to-weaken-the-dollar-is-flawed

Schubert : the queasy air of Pride before a Fall Ever since Griffin Johnson, the armchair historian [1] used it to accompany the French Army marching to Sedan, Schuberts Piano Trio in E Flat, No2 has really put the hook in us. You know, that outward confidence masking deep ineer doubts. Listen to the second movement if you don’t believe us. And wonder what happens to over-confident politicians just as the pass their peak.

https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?&q=schubert+piano+trio&&mid=3A9911F1E9485D296FD63A9911F1E9485D296FD6&&FORM=VRDGAR

#donald trump #base pair editing #economics #CRISPR Cas 9 #india #pakistan #nuclear war #renewable energy

[1]https://armchairhistory.tv/en-gbp/

Cortical Labs: the first working Synthetic Biological Intelligence

Far back in the last century, Arthur C Clarke drew attention to a slow but steady trend in human evolution: the gradual merging of the human body with artificial technology. Like all great things it started small, so small as to be almost unremarked. Firstly were primitive artificial legs and hands, all that could be done with the technology of the time. By the time Clarke made his prediction in the novel 2001; a Space Odyssey, the scientists of the day were experimenting with artificial hearts, lungs and kidneys. Fast forward to our own age. Not only have things like prosthetic limbs and eyes greatly improved. We are starting, tentatively, to modify the genes of living cells with early techniques like CRISPR Cas-9 (LSS passim). Elsewhere, the attempts to engineer interfaces between human tissue and silicon chips seem to be showing real possibilities of success.

But we think that the efforts of Cortical Labs to create Synthetic Biological Intelligence(SBI) takes the trend to a whole new level. [1] Their CL1 computer uses laboratory grown neurons interfacing with silicon chips to create an entity that defies old -style classifications of what is biology and what is technology. Rather than offer you 18 dreary paragraphs, we will urge you to visit their website. But if we cherry-picked that: The CL 1 far more energy-efficient than a conventional computer; that it is ideal for disease modelling. drug disorder research; that it dispenses with much of the need for animal experiments; that above all it will be available for shipment at a cost of $35000, you would see why we have chosen this item for your entertainment today. Because we honestly thought that this kind of thing was decades away. Forgive us: but we have no financial, professional, personal or any other kind of relationship with this company. We never endorse; but when we report, we mean it.

And we do indeed report developments which seem to be genuinely game changing, and truly the work of the most intelligent people at the very limits of human accomplishment. We believe that this is one of them. Which is where our doubts creep in. For Arthur C Clarke also pointed out how the very act of adopting technology (stone tools at the beginning) transformed the biology of creatures that used it. So much so that they changed into new species, quite unrecognisable to their ancestors. And absolutely dependent on the new technologies to survive, with no possibility of de-inventing them . We are not the first to suggest that some engineered organism will replace us. But we do think that possibility is now very real and very near.

thanks to G Herbert

[1]https://corticallabs.com/cl1.html

#synthetic biological intelligence #cortical labs #artificial intelligence #computers #biology #evolution

Deadly Fungus spreads as globe warms

Rising seas. Flooding rivers. Blankets of uncontrollable wildfires. But the latest risk from global warming is a humble fungus, which could now spread across the globe. We’ve mentioned the danger of antibiotic resistant fungi before here(LSS 21 10 24 et al) But we never thought to tie it to climate change.

Well all that’s just changed. Because according to a new study by Dr Norman van Rhijn of Manchester University, reported here by Alex Croft of the Independent, via Yahoo [1] dangerous strains of the Aspergillus family of fungi are starting to spread . If we carry on burning fossil fuels at the rate we do now, the strain A. fumigatus will probably extend its range by 77% by 2100, pushing up into polar regions such as Alaska. And the trend is worrying experts from many fields.[2] For one thing, fungi have an immense potential to damage drops. But they also pose a clear and present danger to human health, especially in those with weaker immune systems, such as the elderly and children. They may also produce substances such as aflatoxins which may cause liver damage and even cancer[3] It’s hard to get an exact figure which parses the number of deaths caused directly by fungi, and those cases where they become an opportunistic secondary infection. But about 3.5 million a year might not be a bad ball park figure. As the fungi become resistant to antibiotics and fungicides, this figure will grow and grow.

This is a bank holiday weekend in our country. People will be doing bank holiday things. A great many cars will be cleaned, tents put up, boats sailed and drinks drunk. But , we can’t help thinking, wouldn’t it be better to put all the fun on hold for a bit, until problems like this have been finally sorted out?

[1]https://uk.news.yahoo.com/killer-fungus-could-spread-parts-170653452.html#:~:text=Norman%20van%20Rhijn%2C%20the%20Wellcome%20Trust%20research%20fellow,a

[2]https://www.who.int/news/item/25-10-2022-who-releases-first-ever-list-of-health-threatening-fungi

[3]https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/aflatoxins

#global warming #climate change # antibiotic resistance #aspergillus #fungi

Friday Night Feast Of Fun: the summer Barbecue

Since about 1985, nothing has evoked the sense of the days getting warmer more than the aroma of a thousand sizzling barbecues drifting down the suburban breeze. People didn’t seem to do them much back in the nineteen seventies: but now the custom of inviting friends and family round to the garden for a delicious open air feast of roasted meat is a national custom. So with the aid of a couple of our regular contributors, whose knowledge of these matters is profound, we thought we’d riff a little on the matter ourselves.

How to cook it? In these isles, Opinion is divided. Some swear by gas, which is fast and efficient. But the real purists swear by charcoal, which seem, at least to anthropology buffs like ourselves, to be sort of more authentic somehow. Either way, you still have to clean up a tad, they tell us. But half the problem of cooking, i.e, the smell hanging around the house, has gone. Because it’s drifted downwind into the neighbours’!

What to serve? Make no bones about it, a true barbecue means meat. The word “barbecue” comes from the Spanish word barbacoa, which they evolved by watching the mass meat roasts of the native peoples of the Caribbean. Meat, lots of it. Which for us carnivores can mean a delicious range pf possibilities, including steaks, chops, burgers, loins and sausages. Fish fans are well catered for too, with brill , salmon, trout and turbot high on the list. There is a debate about whether to put these in foil or not; ultimately this choice will be informed by experience, we suspect. Foil also does wonders for vegetables. Peppers, potatoes, onions, even carrots and parsnips can come up well. Whereas things like peas do tend to fall down the gaps in those funny grid things, as you will soon discover. Bread buns or rolls should be on hand to aid the consumption of items like burgers, it goes without saying.

What to Drink? Our correspondents soon opened the door to anything and everything. Everything that is cold and refreshing of course. Beer, cooled white and rose wines and cocktails big on ice like Pimms or Gin Slings are always good. For the drivers, have plenty of fizzy drinks, fruit juices and iced water on standby. Remember: ice is the key to everything, or so they say.

And what to wear? The days of your best Brooks Brothers blazer, MCC tie and Chino slacks are long gone. For one thing they’re all naff and nineties. Secondly, one spot of greasy lamb will send that prized jacket straight round the dry cleaners, who may never get it all out. Panama hats are still OK, partnered with roomy shorts, tee shirts and those funny hoodie tops that were once favoured by persons of a certain socio-economic class, but have since spread throughout the population in general. We suppose baseball caps are still OK, but try to avoid red ones with letters like “M” , “A” and “G” upon them.

That’s our take; we know it’s a bit exiguous, so to help you more, here’s a link to the ever helpful BBC Food website, which is crammed with admirable tropes. Have a good weekend and happy eating.

https://www.bing.com/search?q=bbc+food+barbecue&form=ANNTH1&refig=8B31CAE98E3F40ADA31592299A6DD45D&pc=HCTS

#barbecue #food #drink #summer #garden party

Yes, the brain can erase unpleasant memories-but what does that say about who we are?

An old friend once told us about his experiences as a child evacuee during the Second World War. Or rather, he didn’t: because those memories did not exist. Like those of millions of others, his experiences were agonisingly traumatic. And he had blotted them out altogether. News of how the brain achieves this erasure of painful memories comes in this story from the inimitable Nature Briefing called Dopamine hit overwrites memories of fear

In mice, dopamine acts on neurons in a brain region called the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to kick-start fear extinction — the overwriting of fearful memories when danger has passed. Researchers found that this dopamine is produced in a separate part of the brain called the ventral tegmental area. Humans have “the same evolutionarily conserved parts of the brain that regulate these fear responses” as mice, says neuroscientist Larry Zweifel, which hints that neurons in the BLA could be a target for drugs to help to treat fear-related conditions such as post traumatic stress disorder.Nature | 4 min read
Reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences paper

Normally we would riff enthusiastically on the hopes of a cure for PTSD, or admire the ingenuity of the scientists who have made these discoveries. But today, if you’ll forgive us, we want to go in a different direction.

For if unconscious and automatic healing processes of the brain can so affect our memories, what does that say about our consciousness? Are you really in charge of the way you remember, feel, and think? At first glance this may seem to be the abstract playground of a lot of philosophers, psychologists and neuroscientists. The trouble for us is that many religious and economic systems depend on the assumption that each of us is an autonomous individual. Who freely chooses between good and evil or cheap and expensive. And these doctrines affect the real lives of millions. As Keynes observed, every politician who prides himself on being an entirely pragmatic individual is always the intellectual slave of some long dead economist. The writers of many religious books are much older still: but millions still kill and die for their words. We freely admit to being utterly baffled by all this, and are unlikely to return to anything quite so intricate again any time soon. But next time we hear anyone declaiming confidently on things like politics or religion, we will wonder deeply about what is happening in their mind,

As promised above we will endeavour to keep away from all this philosophical stuff. But if you want to know more, the works of Timothy O’Connor, Ben G Yacobi, Benjamin Libet, Daniel Dennet and Sigmund Freud provide useful starting points.

#free will #neurology #unconscious #conscious mind #economics #religion #politics #philosophy

Antibiotics saved her sight

Ellie Irwin seemed to have it all. She was beautiful, she was highly intelligent, she had graduated from medical school to what should have been a productive and fulfilling life. Instead, she was going blind in one eye, with terrifying possibility of losing sight in the other. Her life was an endless round of appointments, treatments and interventions. None seemed to come near to resolving the problem. At one point she had to have a cataract operation, and in despair, actually considered the possibility of having the problem eye removed.

But there turned out to be one last chance, as Fergus Walsh reports for the BBC. [1]Because thanks to a new science called metagenomics[2], doctors were able to identify the cause of her problem. To quote Fergus:

Metagenomics technology uses cutting-edge genomic sequencing, which can identify all bacteria, fungi or parasites present in a sample by comparing them against a database of millions of pathogens.

The cause turned out to be a rare bacteria of the leptospirosis family which Ellie had picked up while swimming in the Amazon river on a student holiday. The cure was simple: a good dose of antibiotics, as regular readers of this blog will have guessed. Today Ellie is a fully cured, happily functioning doctor. Recently, she even got married. Fergus knows how to end a story on a happy note!

For us there are a number of learning points here, faithful readers. One-what a good job antibiotics can do, Two-look what happens when you combine them with cutting edge techniques like metagenomics. Three-if you want new cutting edge techniques, it might help to employ a few well educated scientists to think them up, and universities to put them in. And four? No point going on with four. Everybody’s getting the drift.

[1]https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czx45vze0vyo

[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenomics

#antibiotics #metagenomics #science #research #health #medicine

Fish farms in Space? They might be closer than you think

One thing about Science Fiction: the food in future worlds always seems a bit dodgy. From Soylent Green through 2001: A Space Odyssey all the way to Red Dwarf, it’s all a bit artificial. Despite the ingenious efforts of valiant biochemists and microbiologists,[1] it’s not really the same. But wait, gentle readers! Almost unbelievably a brilliant French Scientist called Dr Cyrille Przybyla really believes he has a way of serving up a tasty plate of fresh real Sea Bass in the dining room of a lunar colony, assuming we all survive to construct one.

According to Kim Willsher of the Guardian, it’s not so outlandish as it sounds.[2] Apparently our finny friends have been making trips into space since the 1970s. All Dr Przybyla and his his Lunar Hatch Project are doing at this stage is sending a few up to the ISS to see how they get on. But, if it’s a success-who knows. Bass are exceptionally rich in omega 3 and B group vitamins, all of which are good for fighting muscle loss which comes with low gravity or zero gravity environments. Being fish, they’re already weightless in effect, so they won’t care anyway. The idea of putting them into enclosed, self sustaining eco systems might be very feasible on the moon. We now know there’s plenty of water up there, so that potentially exorbitant problem is largely solved.

There’s so much to like about this idea. Firstly it’s new different thinking: but not so new that bits of it haven’t been tried already. Secondly, a cautious, step-by-step approach is being applied-always a good sign of a successful project. Thirdly, it addresses a real need. No wonder the Chinese are getting interested, as Kim points out. that’s because they look to the future, instead of wasting all their time and energy trying to restore a lot of rusty old factories whose time has long since passed. We think there’s a lesson in there somewhere.

[1]https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cp34wzql2xvo

[2]https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/apr/28/sea-bass-in-space-lunar-hatch-fish-farms-moon-aquaculture

#space exploration #fish farms #nutrition #sea bass #ifremer

Academia has its Robbers Caves too, you know

Here at LSS we’re always praising the learned. Exalting the scientists, doctors and philosophers who would unleash a trouble-free prosperous world, if only we were given the chance. Instead all those nasty hypermacho builders, farmers, football supporters and military types have imprisoned us in a hopeless nihilistic trap of warring tribes which we called The Robbers; Cave(LSS 1 4 2025)

There may be some truth in it. But before we hand over the world to a bunch of Professors and nerdy Civil Servants, let’s flag down a large black cab and ask it for a journey to the Reality Hilton Hotel. Because, we ask-are all these brainy types so immune from Robberscavism, to coin a phrase? Anyone like us who has followed Arts, Sciences and Letters for fifty years or so will notice at once how its practitioners have a tendency to divide themselves into warring camps, like so many followers of certain East London Football teams. Back in the Middle Ages there were the Nominalists versus the Realists. In economics you get Behaviouralists going toe to toe with the Rational Choice Theory crowd, while Linguistics seems to have more warring schools than practitioners. It’s the same for us fans of the Neolithic revolution, where opinion is hopelessly divided too. One lot asseverate that the Neolithic way of life was carried out from the fertile crescent by a single contiguous culture, who replaced(exterminated?) those unfortunate hunter-gatherers who got in the way. Their opponents counter that farming, sheep herding and all those Neolithicky -type things were learned, picked up by enthusiastic locals from traders and traders and adopted with the enthusiasm reserved for certain types of computers and mobile devices in our own age. And the truth? According to studies by the learned Drs Javier Rivas and Alfredo Cortell, writing in the Conversation, [1] it was a bit of both. At one place, at one time the incomers seem to have bludgeoned in and extirpated the natives, as the English did in Tasmania. Elsewhere the locals seem to have picked up the new hoes, made better ones and then jolly well got on with life down on the farm.

And the moral in all this? For practical people, especially those who hand out grants and bursaries, always take one step back. Sometimes you have to make decisions(think of Courts and Forensic Scientists here) But the real joy of learning isn’t in constructing theories and and then fighting to impose them on everyone else. It’s in the journey of discovery itself: gathering the facts, weighing the evidence and above all talking with the people you meet on the way. The ancient virtues of humility and suspended judgement are the most settled and non controversial of all.

[1]https://theconversation.com/how-human-connections-shaped-the-spread-of-farming-among-ancient-communities-254852?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Late

#learning #science #neolithic #academic controversy #tribalism #robbers cave experiment #whig

Do glaciers have political opinions? and some other mystery questions do get you thinking

Instead of all those discourses on things like microbiology or economic history, we thought we’d offer you something a little different today, gentle readers. We’ve decided to come up with one of those puzzle exercises, you know, brain teasers they call them. So here are 11 questions designed to get you thinking, to stretch the old grey matter as t’were. And the good news is: Most of the answers will be available somewhere on the Interweb, or via the websites we have so helpfully posted below.

1 How do you explain the change in the ratio of C₁₃ to C₁₂ in the atmosphere since 1850? Why did this ratio seem have fallen especially quickly after 1950?

2 Since 1750 about 2400 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide have been added to the atmosphere. If this call came from volcanoes, why is the isotopic signature of atmospheric CO₂so different from that from volcanic sources?

3 Do glaciers retreat because they share the political opinions of the Green Party, or is all this melting caused by something else?

4 Why have global surface temperatures increased by 1.2% since the late nineteenth century, but stratospheric temperatures actually fallen?

5 Why is the ocean warming faster than the land? Why would the land warm fastest first if all this were caused by the Sun?

6 Why does spring arrive earlier and earlier in the Northern hemisphere?

7 Do fish conspire with extremists,or have their migrating patterns changed for other reasons?

8 What is causing all these temperature rises anyway?

9 Why is the atmosphere of Venus so hot? And why is the atmosphere of Mars so cold?

10 Do you think rises in sea levels will drive increases in human migration?

11 If scientists are right about cures for cancer, physics, astronomy computers and many other things, why are they suddenly wrong about climate science?

[1]https://royalsociety.org/news-resources/projects/climate-change-evidence-causes/

[2]https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/evidence/

[3]https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/what-evidence-exists-earth-warming-and-humans-are-main-cause

#climate change #global warming #climate science #carbon dioxide #ecology #pollution